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Emanuel TovTextual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible
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CONTENTS
Periodicals, Reference Works, and Serials
Short Titles and Abbreviations of Works Frequently Cited
A. The Need for the Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible
1. Differences between the Many Textual Witnesses of the Bible
f. Vocalization and Accentuation
2. Mistakes, Corrections, and Changes in the Textual Witnesses, Including Masoretic Text
3. In Many Details fli Does Not Reflect the "Original Text" of the Biblical Books
4. Differences between Inner-Biblical Parallel Texts
B. A Modern Approach to the Textual Criticism of the Bible
C. The Beginnings of the Critical Inquiry of the Biblical Text
Chapter 2: Textual Witnesses of the Bible
A. Proto-Masoretic Texts and the Masoretic Text
1. The Consonantal Framework: Proto-Masoretic Texts and Masoretic Text
a. Internal Differences in the Group of Masoretic Text
β. Variants in Manuscripts Reflecting Different Systems of Vocalization
b. The Early Origin of the Consonantal Framework of Masoretic Text
c. The Origin and Nature of Masoretic Text
d. The Evolution of the Early Consonantal Text of Masoretic Text
γ. The Value of the Differences between Medieval Manuscripts
c. Differences between the Systems of Vocalization
d. The Character of the Tiberian Vocalization
a. The Division of the Text into Sections (Parashiyyot or Pisqa’ot), Verses, and Chapters
d. The Extraordinary Points (Puncta Extraordinaria)
e. Suspended Letters (Litterae Suspensae)
5. The Apparatus of the Masorah
B. Pre-Samaritan Texts and the Samaritan Pentateuch
a. Early (Pre-Samaritan) Elements in Samaritan Pentateuch
C. The Biblical Texts Found in Qumran
5. Characterization of the Texts Written in the Qumran Practice
6. Variants in the Qumran Texts
7. The Textual Status of the Qumran Texts
8. The Contribution of the Qumran Texts to Biblical Research
1. Minute Silver Rolls from Ketef Hinnom
3. Tefillin and Mezuzot from the Judean Desert
4. The Severus Scroll and R. Meir's Torah
A. The Use of the Ancient Translations in Textual Criticism
3. Systems for the Representation of Hebrew Constructions in the Translation
4. Inner-Translational Phenomena
5. The Reconstruction of the Hebrew Source of the Translation
d. The Original Form of Septuagint and Its Date
β. Indirect Witnesses: Daughter Translations of Septuagint
g. Auxiliary Tools for the Study of Septuagint
h. The Importance of Septuagint for Biblical Studies
2. The Revisions of the Septuagint
b. The Background of the Revisions
c. The Nature of the Revisions
6. The Arabic Translation of Saadia
Chapter 3: The History of the Biblical Text
A. The Relation between the Textual Witnesses
1. The Relation between the Textual Witnesses in Research until 1947
2. The Relation between the Textual Witnesses in Research after 1947
3. A New Approach to the Relation between the Textual Witnesses
B. The Original Shape of the Biblical Text
C. Some Aspects of the Development of the Biblical Text
Chapter 4: The Copying and Transmitting of the Biblical Text
A. Background and Chronological Framework
B. The Copying of the Biblical Text
1. Materials, Shape, and Scope
c. Internal Division of the Text
e. Scribal Marks and Procedures
g. Spaces between Biblical Books
b. Different Orthographical Practices in the Biblical Texts
c. The Orthographical Practices of the Group of Masoretic Text
α. Comparison with External Evidence
γ. Is There a System of Orthography in Masoretic Text?
δ. Characterization of Individual Biblical Books
Appendix 1: Tefillin and Mezuzot from the Judean Desert
Appendix 2: The Column Structure of a Qumran Text
C. The Process of Textual Transmission
2. Readings Created in the Course of the Textual Transmission
γ. Homoioteleuton, Homoioarcton (Parablepsis)
c.i Interchange of Similar Letters
c.ii Different Conceptions of Word Division
c.iii Differences Involving Matres Lectionis
c.iv Differences Involving the Use of Final Letters
3. Readings Intentionally Created by Scribes
a. Linguistic-Stylistic Changes
e. Additions to the Body of the Text
Chapter 5: The Aim and Procedures of Textual Criticism
A. The Aim of Textual Criticism
B. The Procedures of Textual Criticism
Chapter 6: The Evaluation of Readings
a. Unequal Status of Textual Sources
b. Preference for Masoretic Text
a. Lectio Difficilior Praeferenda / Praevalet / Praestat
b. Lectio Brevior / Brevis Potior
c. Assimilation to Parallel Passages (Harmonization)
Chapter 7: Textual Criticism and Literary Criticism
2. Two Literary Strata of Joshua: Masoretic Text, Targum, Peshitta, Vulgate, Rahlfs Septuagint
3. Two Literary Strata of Ezekiel: Masoretic Text, Targum, Peshitta, Vulgate, Rahlfs Septuagint
5. Two Parallel Editions of Proverbs: Masoretic Text, Targum, Peshitta, Vulgate, Rahlfs Septuagint
8. Differences in Sequence between Masoretic Text, Targum, Peshitta, Vulgate, Rahlfs Septuagint
9. Different Stages of the Development of the Parallel Accounts in 2 Kings 20 and Isaiah 38
10. Different Stages of the Story in 1 Samuel 11
11. Two Literary Strata in Judges 6
12. Two Literary Strata in Deuteronomy 5
C. Textual and Literary Evaluation of the Evidence
Chapter 8: Conjectural Emendation
b. Parallels in Cognate Languages, Especially in Ugaritic
3. Emendations for Metrical Reasons
B. Biblia Hebraica and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
C. The Hebrew University Bible
